農為邦(bang)本(ben)，本(ben)固邦(bang)寧。2023年中央一號文件指(zhi)出，全面建(jian)設社(she)會主(zhu)義現代化(hua)國(guo)家，最(zui)艱巨最(zui)繁重(zhong)的任務仍然(ran)在農村。世界百年未(wei)有(you)之大(da)變局加速演進，我國(guo)發展進入戰略(lve)機(ji)遇和風險挑戰并存(cun)、不(bu)確定難(nan)預料因素增多的時期，守好“三農(nong)”基本盤至關重要、不容有(you)失。“三農(nong)”問題作為全黨工作的重(zhong)中(zhong)之(zhi)重(zhong)，應舉全黨全社會之(zhi)力全面推進鄉(xiang)村振興(xing)，加(jia)快(kuai)農業農村現代化，加(jia)快(kuai)建設農業強國。

　　民族要復興 鄉村(cun)必(bi)振(zhen)興

　　從歷(li)史邏輯(ji)看，民族要復興(xing)，鄉村必(bi)振興(xing)。我國自古以(yi)農(nong)立(li)國，中(zhong)華(hua)民族在長期農(nong)耕實踐中(zhong)，形成了穩(wen)定(ding)而(er)持續發展(zhan)的農(nong)耕文明(ming)和歷(li)史底蘊。縱(zong)覽歷(li)朝歷(li)代，農(nong)業興(xing)旺(wang)、農(nong)民安定(ding)，則國家(jia)統(tong)一、社會穩(wen)定(ding)；農(nong)業凋敝、農(nong)民不穩(wen)，則國家(jia)分(fen)裂，社會動蕩。自中(zhong)國共(gong)產黨成立(li)以(yi)來，便(bian)始終(zhong)把“三農”作(zuo)為革(ge)命、建設、改(gai)革(ge)各個歷史(shi)時(shi)期關乎(hu)全(quan)局(ju)的一個重大問題。在新民主主義革(ge)命時(shi)期，我們黨堅持把農業生產(chan)放在經濟(ji)建設工作(zuo)的第一位(wei)，通過“廢除封建土地所有(you)(you)制，實(shi)現耕者有(you)(you)其(qi)田”等方式，激發了(le)農(nong)民(min)的(de)(de)勞(lao)動(dong)和革(ge)(ge)命積(ji)極性，不僅解決(jue)了(le)糧食以及棉、麻、蔗、竹等的(de)(de)供給問(wen)題，而且解決(jue)了(le)人民(min)軍(jun)隊的(de)(de)來(lai)源問(wen)題。在社(she)會主義革(ge)(ge)命和建設(she)時(shi)期(qi)，我們黨把恢復(fu)(fu)農(nong)業生產作為一切部(bu)門恢復(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)基礎，通過對農(nong)業的(de)(de)社(she)會主義改(gai)造，不僅改(gai)善(shan)了(le)農(nong)業生產條件，而且為建立(li)完整的(de)(de)國民(min)經濟和工業體系強化了(le)基礎支撐。改(gai)革(ge)(ge)開(kai)(kai)放(fang)和社(she)會主義現代(dai)化建設(she)新(xin)時(shi)期(qi)，以生產責任制(zhi)改(gai)革(ge)(ge)為代(dai)表的(de)(de)制(zhi)度創新(xin)拉開(kai)(kai)了(le)農(nong)村的(de)(de)改(gai)革(ge)(ge)大(da)幕，不僅使長(chang)期(qi)以來(lai)困(kun)擾(rao)中國人的(de)(de)“溫飽問(wen)題”得以解決，而且從土地中(zhong)釋放出來(lai)的大(da)量勞動力，為大(da)規模推(tui)進工業化(hua)城鎮化(hua)提供了(le)(le)物質保障，為經濟發展提供了(le)(le)基礎(chu)支撐和(he)可靠保障。黨的十(shi)八大(da)以來(lai)，中(zhong)國特色社會主義進入(ru)新(xin)時代，一方面，明(ming)確了(le)(le)“確保谷物基(ji)本自(zi)給、口(kou)糧(liang)絕對安全”的新糧食(shi)安全(quan)觀，確保(bao)糧食(shi)和重(zhong)要農產品(pin)的穩產保(bao)供(gong)；另一(yi)方面(mian)，打贏了(le)全(quan)面(mian)脫貧攻堅(jian)戰，實現了(le)“三農”工作向鄉村(cun)振興的歷史性轉(zhuan)移(yi)。國家統計局公布的數據顯示，2022年(nian)，我國糧食產量連續8年穩定在1.3萬億斤以上，農民(min)人均(jun)可支配收入(ru)邁(mai)上2萬元大臺階。

　　強國(guo)必先強農 農強(qiang)方能國強(qiang)

　　從現實邏輯看，強國(guo)(guo)(guo)必先強農，農強方能國(guo)(guo)(guo)強。我國(guo)(guo)(guo)作為一個(ge)典型的(de)農業大國(guo)(guo)(guo)，用不到世界(jie)10%的耕(geng)地(di)，貢獻(xian)了世界17.4%、27.7%、22.7%的小麥、稻谷、玉米(mi)產量（《中國農村統計(ji)年鑒2021》數據），有力回答了(le)“誰(shui)來養活中國”的(de)(de)問題，為世界糧食安全(quan)(quan)做出(chu)了重(zhong)要貢獻(xian)。但與世界農業強(qiang)(qiang)國相(xiang)比，我國農業大而不強(qiang)(qiang)的(de)(de)特征十分明(ming)顯。農業強(qiang)(qiang)國內涵十分豐(feng)富，既(ji)包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)生產(chan)力(li)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，也包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)生產(chan)關系變革；既(ji)包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)農業全(quan)(quan)面升級(ji)，也包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)農村全(quan)(quan)面進(jin)步、農民全(quan)(quan)面發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。從生產(chan)力(li)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)看，我國農業的(de)(de)競爭(zheng)力(li)明(ming)顯不足，勞(lao)均農業增加值僅(jin)相(xiang)當于(yu)美國、加拿大等(deng)國家的(de)(de)5%左右，農(nong)業(ye)(ye)單(dan)位(wei)勞(lao)動產出顯(xian)著低于發達國(guo)家的平均水平。從生產關系(xi)變革看，我國(guo)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)需要長期面對人多(duo)地少、超小規(gui)模的現實(shi)基礎，在人多(duo)地少的資源條(tiao)件約(yue)束下，“大國小農”是(shi)我(wo)國(guo)的(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)國(guo)情(qing)農(nong)(nong)(nong)情(qing)，小規模家庭經營是(shi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)本(ben)(ben)源性制度。從農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)全(quan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)升級看(kan)，我(wo)國(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)主要依(yi)靠(kao)資源消耗(hao)的(de)(de)粗放經營方式(shi)沒有根本(ben)(ben)改變，農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)面(mian)(mian)(mian)源污染和(he)生(sheng)態退化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)趨(qu)勢尚未有效遏制，對農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學品的(de)(de)高(gao)強(qiang)度施用依(yi)然是(shi)我(wo)國(guo)提(ti)高(gao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)單(dan)產水平的(de)(de)主要方式(shi)。從農(nong)(nong)(nong)村全(quan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)進步、農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)全(quan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)發(fa)展(zhan)看(kan)，我(wo)國(guo)鄉(xiang)村建設(she)依(yi)然滯后，城鄉(xiang)之間的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)差(cha)距不(bu)僅體現在(zai)人均可(ke)支配收入方面(mian)(mian)(mian)，而且在(zai)基(ji)(ji)礎設(she)施建設(she)、人居(ju)環境(jing)整(zheng)治、基(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)公共服務等方面(mian)(mian)(mian)也(ye)存在(zai)明顯差(cha)距。因此，全(quan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)推進鄉(xiang)村振興、加快建設(she)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)強(qiang)國(guo)的(de)(de)成功(gong)與否，不(bu)僅是(shi)把飯碗牢(lao)牢(lao)端在(zai)自(zi)己手上的(de)(de)重(zhong)大戰略考量(liang)，而且關系(xi)到共同(tong)(tong)富裕以及人與自(zi)然和(he)諧(xie)共生(sheng)的(de)(de)時代(dai)要求能否在(zai)鄉(xiang)村和(he)城市同(tong)(tong)步達成，更(geng)關系(xi)到工業(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、信(xin)息化(hua)(hua)(hua)、城鎮化(hua)(hua)(hua)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)現代(dai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)“并聯式(shi)”發展(zhan)的中國式現(xian)代化能否成功(gong)實現(xian)。

　　穩(wen)住農業基本(ben)盤 守好“三農”基礎

　　從戰略(lve)邏輯看，穩住農(nong)業(ye)基本盤、守(shou)好“三(san)農”基礎是應變局、開新(xin)局的“壓(ya)艙(cang)石”。當(dang)前，國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際環(huan)境日趨復雜，外(wai)部(bu)糧(liang)源(yuan)利用風(feng)險加劇，特別是在世界(jie)動蕩(dang)局勢的(de)長期影(ying)響(xiang)下，多國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實行糧(liang)食出口管制(zhi)，全球糧(liang)食貿易(yi)遭遇(yu)挑戰(zhan)。作為一個擁有(you)十四億余人口的(de)大國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)必須立足國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)內基本解決(jue)吃飯(fan)問題，以國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)內穩產保供的(de)確定性來應對外(wai)部(bu)的(de)不確定性。一方面，從國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際糧(liang)食市場上看，美國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)ADM、美(mei)國邦(bang)吉、美(mei)國嘉吉、法國路易達孚四大(da)糧(liang)商依托強大(da)的市場運作能力，從(cong)種植、儲存到加工、銷售，控制著全世(shi)界(jie)90%的糧食(shi)交易量(liang)，牢(lao)牢(lao)掌握著全(quan)球糧食(shi)定價權，而且全(quan)球每年(nian)的糧食(shi)貿(mao)易量(liang)僅(jin)相當于我(wo)(wo)國(guo)糧食(shi)需(xu)求(qiu)量(liang)的一半，即使是把國(guo)際市場上的谷物都(dou)買(mai)過來，也不夠(gou)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)半年(nian)的消費(fei)量(liang)。另一方面，盡(jin)管我(wo)(wo)國(guo)三大主糧的表觀自(zi)給(gei)率仍維持在98%的高位，但(dan)包含大豆在內的廣義糧(liang)食(shi)的表觀自(zi)給率卻從2002年的100%下降到(dao)2017年的(de)83.8%。而在大豆國際貿易中，更是形(xing)成(cheng)了“美洲主產、中國(guo)主消”的格局(ju)，如果我國(guo)完全依賴進口(kou)解決緊缺農產品的需求問題，則將長期(qi)面臨著被對方“卡脖子”的風險。如果從構建新(xin)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)格局的角度(du)來看，加快農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)現代(dai)化、全面(mian)推(tui)動鄉村(cun)(cun)產業(ye)高質量(liang)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)也是(shi)順應我國發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)階(jie)段變(bian)化、把握發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)主動權的先手棋。一方面(mian)，幾億農(nong)(nong)(nong)民同步邁向(xiang)全面(mian)現代(dai)化，能(neng)夠釋放出(chu)巨大的消(xiao)費(fei)和(he)投資需(xu)求，通(tong)過(guo)扎實推(tui)進宜居宜業(ye)和(he)美鄉村(cun)(cun)建設，能(neng)夠使(shi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)逐步具備現代(dai)生活條件，釋放鄉村(cun)(cun)內需(xu)潛能(neng)；另(ling)一方面(mian)，通(tong)過(guo)推(tui)動鄉村(cun)(cun)產業(ye)高質量(liang)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，可以充分發(fa)揮農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)的經濟價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)、社(she)會價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)、政治(zhi)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)、生態(tai)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)、文化價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)，使(shi)鄉村(cun)(cun)脫離單一從事農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)生產的價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)定(ding)位，為農(nong)(nong)(nong)民就業(ye)增(zeng)收打開新(xin)空間。

　　多方(fang)面發力 走出中國特色(se)農業現代化道路

　　習近平總(zong)書記在中央農(nong)村工作會(hui)議(yi)上指出(chu)，農(nong)業(ye)強(qiang)國(guo)(guo)是(shi)社(she)會(hui)主(zhu)義現(xian)代(dai)化強(qiang)國(guo)(guo)的(de)根基，滿足(zu)人民美好生活需要、實(shi)現(xian)高質(zhi)量發(fa)展、夯實(shi)國(guo)(guo)家安全基礎，都離不開農(nong)業(ye)發(fa)展。建設(she)農(nong)業(ye)強(qiang)國(guo)(guo)，既要遵循農(nong)業(ye)現(xian)代(dai)化建設(she)的(de)一般規律，找差(cha)距(ju)、補短板、揚優勢，也要體(ti)現(xian)中國(guo)(guo)特(te)色和立足(zu)國(guo)(guo)情農(nong)情，重(zhong)點從建設(she)供給保障強(qiang)、科(ke)技裝備強(qiang)、經營體(ti)系強(qiang)、產(chan)業(ye)韌(ren)性強(qiang)、競爭能力(li)(li)強(qiang)的(de)農(nong)業(ye)強(qiang)國(guo)(guo)五個方面發(fa)力(li)(li)，走出(chu)一條中國(guo)(guo)特(te)色農(nong)業(ye)現(xian)代(dai)化道路。

　　（一)供(gong)給保(bao)障(zhang)強，就是要(yao)確(que)(que)保(bao)糧(liang)食和重(zhong)要(yao)農(nong)(nong)產品穩產保(bao)供(gong)，不斷強化藏糧(liang)于地(di)(di)、藏糧(liang)于技的(de)物質基(ji)(ji)礎，健全農(nong)(nong)民(min)種糧(liang)掙(zheng)錢得利、地(di)(di)方抓糧(liang)擔責盡義的(de)機制(zhi)保(bao)障(zhang)。其一(yi)，堅持藏糧(liang)于地(di)(di)，以耕(geng)地(di)(di)保(bao)護保(bao)障(zhang)農(nong)(nong)業生(sheng)產能力。在(zai)耕(geng)地(di)(di)數量(liang)上，要(yao)堅持明(ming)確(que)(que)永(yong)久基(ji)(ji)本(ben)農(nong)(nong)田(tian)、生(sheng)態保(bao)護紅線(xian)、城鎮開發(fa)邊界這三條(tiao)控制(zhi)線(xian)劃定的(de)優先序(xu)，首先必須(xu)確(que)(que)保(bao)的(de)是耕(geng)地(di)(di)特別是永(yong)久基(ji)(ji)本(ben)農(nong)(nong)田(tian)，保(bao)證18億(yi)畝耕地(di)實(shi)(shi)至名歸。在(zai)耕地(di)質量上(shang)，要(yao)加強高(gao)(gao)標準農(nong)田(tian)建(jian)設(she)(she)，重點補上(shang)土壤(rang)改良、農(nong)田(tian)灌排設(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)等短板，統籌(chou)推進高(gao)(gao)效節(jie)水(shui)灌溉，逐步把永(yong)久基本(ben)(ben)農(nong)田(tian)全(quan)(quan)部建(jian)成旱澇保(bao)(bao)(bao)收高(gao)(gao)標準農(nong)田(tian)。其二，堅持(chi)(chi)(chi)藏糧(liang)于(yu)技(ji)，以(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)創新提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)增(zeng)(zeng)產(chan)(chan)潛力(li)。要(yao)深入實(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)振(zhen)興(xing)行動，下(xia)決心把我(wo)(wo)國種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)搞上(shang)去，實(shi)(shi)現種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)科技(ji)自(zi)(zi)立自(zi)(zi)強，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)源(yuan)自(zi)(zi)主可控。針對(dui)我(wo)(wo)國大(da)(da)豆(dou)(dou)等油料作物單產(chan)(chan)水(shui)平較低(di)的(de)情況(kuang)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)要(yao)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)豆(dou)(dou)單產(chan)(chan)提(ti)(ti)升工程(cheng)，提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)大(da)(da)豆(dou)(dou)單產(chan)(chan)水(shui)平；另一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)要(yao)加力(li)擴種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)豆(dou)(dou)油料，扎(zha)實(shi)(shi)推進大(da)(da)豆(dou)(dou)玉米帶狀復合種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植，支持(chi)(chi)(chi)東北(bei)、黃淮(huai)海地(di)區(qu)開(kai)展(zhan)糧(liang)豆(dou)(dou)輪作，穩(wen)(wen)步開(kai)發利(li)用(yong)鹽堿地(di)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植大(da)(da)豆(dou)(dou)。其三，堅持(chi)(chi)(chi)輔之以(yi)利(li)，以(yi)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)農(nong)民(min)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)糧(liang)積(ji)極(ji)性(xing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)障國家(jia)(jia)糧(liang)食(shi)安(an)全(quan)(quan)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)，要(yao)在(zai)政策(ce)上(shang)繼續提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)小麥最(zui)低(di)收購(gou)(gou)價(jia)，合理(li)確定(ding)稻谷最(zui)低(di)收購(gou)(gou)價(jia)，穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)稻谷補貼，完善農(nong)資(zi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)供穩(wen)(wen)價(jia)應(ying)對(dui)機制，實(shi)(shi)現政策(ce)保(bao)(bao)(bao)本(ben)(ben)；另一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)，要(yao)在(zai)經(jing)營上(shang)支持(chi)(chi)(chi)家(jia)(jia)庭(ting)農(nong)場(chang)組(zu)建(jian)農(nong)民(min)合作社、合作社根據發展(zhan)需(xu)要(yao)辦企業(ye)，帶動小農(nong)戶合作經(jing)營、共同增(zeng)(zeng)收，實(shi)(shi)現農(nong)業(ye)節(jie)本(ben)(ben)增(zeng)(zeng)效、提(ti)(ti)質增(zeng)(zeng)效、營銷增(zeng)(zeng)效。其四，堅持(chi)(chi)(chi)輔之以(yi)義，以(yi)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)地(di)方(fang)政府(fu)抓糧(liang)積(ji)極(ji)性(xing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)障國家(jia)(jia)糧(liang)食(shi)安(an)全(quan)(quan)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)，各省（自(zi)(zi)治區(qu)、直轄市）都要(yao)穩(wen)(wen)住面(mian)(mian)積(ji)、主攻(gong)單產(chan)(chan)、力(li)爭多增(zeng)(zeng)產(chan)(chan)，糧(liang)食(shi)主產(chan)(chan)區(qu)、主銷區(qu)、產(chan)(chan)銷平衡區(qu)都有責任保(bao)(bao)(bao)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)、保(bao)(bao)(bao)產(chan)(chan)量；另一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)，健全(quan)(quan)主產(chan)(chan)區(qu)利(li)益(yi)補償(chang)機制，增(zeng)(zeng)加產(chan)(chan)糧(liang)大(da)(da)縣獎勵資(zi)金規(gui)模，絕(jue)不能讓種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)糧(liang)大(da)(da)省吃虧。

　　(二）科(ke)技(ji)(ji)裝備強，就是要強化農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)科(ke)技(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)裝備支撐，不(bu)斷推(tui)(tui)動(dong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)關鍵核(he)心技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)攻(gong)關、加快先進(jin)(jin)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)研(yan)發(fa)推(tui)(tui)廣(guang)、健全(quan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)推(tui)(tui)廣(guang)體系(xi)(xi)，讓農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)插上(shang)科(ke)技(ji)(ji)的(de)翅膀(bang)。其一(yi)，加強關鍵顛(dian)覆性核(he)心技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)研(yan)發(fa)，搶(qiang)占國(guo)(guo)(guo)際制高(gao)(gao)點。要進(jin)(jin)一(yi)步加大對農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)科(ke)技(ji)(ji)的(de)研(yan)發(fa)投(tou)入力(li)度，發(fa)揮新型(xing)舉國(guo)(guo)(guo)體制優(you)勢，完善(shan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)科(ke)技(ji)(ji)領(ling)(ling)域(yu)基礎研(yan)究穩定(ding)支持機(ji)(ji)(ji)制，推(tui)(tui)動(dong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)關鍵顛(dian)覆性核(he)心技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)的(de)產業(ye)(ye)化研(yan)發(fa)與快速應用，爭取在智(zhi)慧農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)領(ling)(ling)域(yu)、生(sheng)物技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)領(ling)(ling)域(yu)、基因編輯領(ling)(ling)域(yu)取得重大技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)突破。其二，加快先進(jin)(jin)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)研(yan)發(fa)推(tui)(tui)廣(guang)，提高(gao)(gao)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)化水平(ping)。農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)化的(de)發(fa)展不(bu)僅(jin)可以帶(dai)動(dong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)產力(li)的(de)提升跨越，而且也極大地(di)促進(jin)(jin)了農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)產方式和(he)(he)組織方式的(de)變(bian)革。但(dan)受地(di)形地(di)勢和(he)(he)經營規模(mo)的(de)影響，我國(guo)(guo)(guo)糧(liang)食作物的(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)化水平(ping)普遍(bian)低于發(fa)達(da)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家，為此應在加緊研(yan)發(fa)大型(xing)智(zhi)能農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)裝備的(de)同時，加快對丘陵山區適(shi)用小型(xing)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)的(de)研(yan)發(fa)，推(tui)(tui)動(dong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)化向高(gao)(gao)質高(gao)(gao)效轉(zhuan)型(xing)升級(ji)。其三，完善(shan)現有的(de)基層農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)技(ji)(ji)推(tui)(tui)廣(guang)體系(xi)(xi)，培育農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)人才。我國(guo)(guo)(guo)擁有世界上(shang)最大的(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)推(tui)(tui)廣(guang)體系(xi)(xi)，但(dan)受20世紀80年代末的(de)商業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化改(gai)革影響，目前(qian)多數(shu)基層(ceng)(ceng)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)技(ji)術(shu)推(tui)廣(guang)人(ren)(ren)員的(de)所學(xue)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)與從(cong)事(shi)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)并(bing)不匹配。為此(ci)，一方(fang)面要深(shen)化農(nong)技(ji)推(tui)廣(guang)體(ti)制改(gai)革，從(cong)全(quan)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈的(de)角度(du)，整合現有的(de)機(ji)構與人(ren)(ren)員，根據公益(yi)性職(zhi)能的(de)特點設置按專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)縣級管理(li)與鄉級管理(li)機(ji)構，科學(xue)界定(ding)機(ji)構的(de)人(ren)(ren)員編制及崗(gang)(gang)位(wei)職(zhi)責；另一方(fang)面真正給(gei)予基層(ceng)(ceng)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)部門考核(he)與用人(ren)(ren)的(de)權利，允(yun)許農(nong)技(ji)人(ren)(ren)員流動(dong)到其(qi)最適(shi)合的(de)崗(gang)(gang)位(wei)工作，在減少非(fei)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)人(ren)(ren)員的(de)同時，精簡農(nong)技(ji)人(ren)(ren)員隊(dui)伍(wu)，提(ti)高農(nong)技(ji)人(ren)(ren)員的(de)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化水(shui)平。

　　（三）經營體(ti)系強，就是要賦予農(nong)(nong)民更加充分(fen)的財產權益，處(chu)理好(hao)農(nong)(nong)民和土地的關(guan)系。我國農(nong)(nong)業經營戶約(yue)為2.1億(yi)戶，如(ru)果從戶均(jun)耕(geng)地(di)面積(ji)的角(jiao)度看，平均(jun)每戶僅擁(yong)有耕(geng)地(di)0.65公頃，約為9.76畝(mu)。人(ren)均一畝(mu)三分地(di)、戶均不過十畝(mu)田的(de)(de)小(xiao)農(nong)生產方(fang)式(shi)，是我國農(nong)業發展需要(yao)長期面對的(de)(de)現實(shi)。其一，要(yao)深(shen)化農(nong)村土地(di)制(zhi)度改革，扎實(shi)搞好確權(quan)，穩(wen)步推進賦權(quan)，有(you)序實(shi)現活(huo)權(quan)，讓(rang)農(nong)民更多分享改革紅(hong)利。一方(fang)面，要(yao)做好承包(bao)期再延(yan)長30年的(de)各項工作(zuo)，確保大多(duo)數(shu)農(nong)戶原(yuan)有承包(bao)權保持穩定、順利延包(bao)，真正讓(rang)農(nong)民吃上“定心丸(wan)”；另(ling)一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)，要(yao)(yao)在農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民自(zi)愿(yuan)的前(qian)提下(xia)，鼓(gu)勵(li)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民采取互利互換方(fang)式(shi)，逐步解決細碎化(hua)問題，實現(xian)按戶(hu)連(lian)片耕種(zhong)。其二，要(yao)(yao)發展(zhan)適(shi)度規(gui)模(mo)(mo)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)，培育新型(xing)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)主體(ti)(ti)。一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)，要(yao)(yao)結合農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村實際發展(zhan)情況，鼓(gu)勵(li)土地經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)權向專業(ye)(ye)大戶(hu)、家庭農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)場、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民合作社(she)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)流轉，提高農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)集約化(hua)規(gui)模(mo)(mo)化(hua)水平；另(ling)一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)，要(yao)(yao)把加快(kuai)培育新型(xing)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)主體(ti)(ti)作為(wei)一(yi)項重大戰略(lve)，以吸引(yin)年輕人務(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)、培育職業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民為(wei)重點，加快(kuai)構建職業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民隊(dui)伍(wu)，形成一(yi)支(zhi)高素質農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)者隊(dui)伍(wu)，為(wei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)現(xian)代化(hua)建設提供堅(jian)實人力基礎和保障。其三，要(yao)(yao)健全農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)社(she)會化(hua)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)，實現(xian)小農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)和現(xian)代農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)發展(zhan)有機銜接(jie)。一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)，要(yao)(yao)積極發展(zhan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)性(xing)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)業(ye)(ye)，大力培育適(shi)應(ying)小農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)需求的多元化(hua)多層次(ci)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)性(xing)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)組織(zhi)，通過代耕代種(zhong)、代管(guan)代收(shou)(shou)、全程(cheng)托(tuo)管(guan)等社(she)會化(hua)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)的方(fang)式(shi)，降(jiang)低生(sheng)產(chan)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)成本；另(ling)一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)，要(yao)(yao)推進面(mian)向小農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)產(chan)銷服(fu)(fu)務(wu)，推進農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)超對(dui)(dui)接(jie)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)批(pi)對(dui)(dui)接(jie)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)社(she)對(dui)(dui)接(jie)，支(zhi)持各地開展(zhan)多種(zhong)形式(shi)的農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)品產(chan)銷對(dui)(dui)接(jie)活(huo)動(dong)，拓展(zhan)小農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)營(ying)(ying)(ying)銷渠(qu)道(dao)，讓小農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)在最大程(cheng)度上分享品牌增值收(shou)(shou)益。

　　（四）產(chan)業(ye)(ye)韌性強(qiang)，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)要推動鄉村產(chan)業(ye)(ye)高質(zhi)量發(fa)展，拓寬(kuan)農(nong)民(min)增收致富渠(qu)道。產(chan)業(ye)(ye)興(xing)旺是(shi)(shi)全面推進鄉村振興(xing)的(de)重點，也是(shi)(shi)解決農(nong)村一切問題的(de)前提，更是(shi)(shi)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)強(qiang)國背后最重要的(de)支撐。其(qi)一，鄉村產(chan)業(ye)(ye)應(ying)在(zai)彰顯特色(se)上下功夫，做足“特”的(de)文章和找準“細”的(de)(de)(de)(de)定位。一(yi)方面(mian)，鄉村(cun)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵(jian)是用(yong)好(hao)一(yi)方水土(tu)形(xing)形(xing)色色的(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)副產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)，山清水秀的(de)(de)(de)(de)田(tian)園(yuan)風光，耕讀傳家的(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)傳統，這些是鄉村(cun)很吸引人的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)方，也(ye)是鄉村(cun)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)獨特(te)土(tu)壤(rang)；另一(yi)方面(mian)，要把(ba)鄉村(cun)資源優勢(shi)、生態優勢(shi)、文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)優勢(shi)轉化(hua)(hua)為(wei)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)優勢(shi)、產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)優勢(shi)，增(zeng)強(qiang)市(shi)場競爭力和可持(chi)續(xu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)能(neng)力。其二(er)，鄉村(cun)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)要在融合(he)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)上(shang)下功夫，推(tui)進農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)一(yi)二(er)三產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)融合(he)。一(yi)方面(mian)，要做(zuo)大做(zuo)強(qiang)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)加工流(liu)通業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，加強(qiang)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)后分級、包(bao)裝、倉儲、物流(liu)、營(ying)(ying)銷，構(gou)建全國農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)流(liu)通骨干(gan)網絡和冷鏈物流(liu)體(ti)系，打(da)通農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)銷對接渠道，提高農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)綜合(he)經營(ying)(ying)效益；另一(yi)方面(mian)，加快發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)現代鄉村(cun)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，立足區位條(tiao)件、資源稟賦和地(di)域特(te)征，發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)鄉村(cun)餐(can)飲購物、文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)體(ti)育、旅游(you)休閑、養老托幼、信息(xi)中介等生活服(fu)(fu)務(wu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)和居住(zhu)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，推(tui)動(dong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)由賣(mai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)向同時(shi)賣(mai)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)轉變。其三，鄉村(cun)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)要在聯動(dong)帶農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)上(shang)下功夫，完善聯農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)帶農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)利益聯結機制。農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)能(neng)干(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)盡量讓農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)干(gan)，企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)干(gan)自(zi)己擅長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)事，讓農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民更多分享產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)增(zeng)值收益。特(te)別是要發(fa)(fa)(fa)揮產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)對脫(tuo)貧農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)帶動(dong)作用(yong)，用(yong)強(qiang)身健體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方法鞏固(gu)拓展(zhan)脫(tuo)貧成果，鞏固(gu)住(zhu)再(zai)往前(qian)走。

　　（五）競爭能(neng)力強，就(jiu)是要實現更高水平(ping)農業(ye)對外(wai)開放(fang)，發(fa)揮農產品國際貿易作用。目前(qian)我國是全球(qiu)第(di)二大農產品貿易國、第(di)一大進口國、第(di)五大出口國，應在立(li)足實施“以我為主(zhu)，立足國(guo)內，確保產能，適度進口，科技支(zhi)撐”糧(liang)食安全戰略的(de)基礎上，體(ti)現大(da)國擔當(dang)，為(wei)世(shi)界貢獻中國方案。其一，要(yao)提升海外糧(liang)源掌(zhang)控(kong)能(neng)力(li)，打造(zao)國際大(da)糧(liang)商。要(yao)健(jian)全糧(liang)農(nong)企業“走出去”的(de)體制機制，加(jia)快推進(jin)生(sheng)產、加(jia)工、倉儲物(wu)流等全產業(ye)鏈在海外布局(ju)，對(dui)(dui)標(biao)國際(ji)四大糧商，培育我(wo)國的(de)優勢(shi)出口企業(ye)。其(qi)二，要(yao)拓寬國際(ji)糧食(shi)來源(yuan)渠道，深入實施農產品進(jin)口多元化戰略，避免(mian)被對(dui)(dui)方“卡(ka)脖子”。一方(fang)面，要聚焦國內產(chan)(chan)需缺口(kou)較(jiao)大(da)的(de)農產(chan)(chan)品，通過(guo)下調進口(kou)協定稅率和(he)削減進口(kou)環節制度性成本(ben)等方(fang)式，以(yi)穩(wen)定的(de)需求預期加強國際農業合(he)作，更好地滿足國內供(gong)給；另一方(fang)面，要繼(ji)續深化對(dui)“一帶(dai)一路”國(guo)家的農產(chan)品市場開放(fang)，對(dui)(dui)目(mu)前(qian)相對(dui)(dui)集中的進口來源地進行替代，提(ti)高我國(guo)農業(ye)產(chan)業(ye)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)水平。其三，要(yao)積(ji)極(ji)參與(yu)(yu)糧食(shi)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)球治(zhi)(zhi)理與(yu)(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)度變革，合作(zuo)提(ti)升全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)球糧食(shi)生產(chan)供應(ying)能力。一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)，對(dui)(dui)于(yu)部分以農業(ye)生產(chan)為國(guo)民經(jing)濟重要(yao)支(zhi)柱的非洲國(guo)家，要(yao)加強農業(ye)對(dui)(dui)外援助，積(ji)極(ji)分享(xiang)我國(guo)在農村改革、制(zhi)(zhi)度創新、技(ji)術推廣等方(fang)面(mian)的經(jing)驗方(fang)案；另一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)，要(yao)積(ji)極(ji)維護多邊貿易與(yu)(yu)投資(zi)制(zhi)(zhi)度框(kuang)架(jia)安(an)排，深度參與(yu)(yu)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)球糧食(shi)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)治(zhi)(zhi)理，弘揚共商共建共享(xiang)的全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)球糧食(shi)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)治(zhi)(zhi)理觀，進一(yi)步(bu)鞏固和推進世界(jie)糧食(shi)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)。

（非原創）